However, owing to the small energy gaps, the phenylenediamine complexes exhibit ambipolar properties on an inert interface. 4 A metal complex derived from 1,2-phenylenediamine is a strong electron donor, 5,6 whose highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) level is located at as high as −4.44 eV. Several other M–N 4 systems show p-channel transistor properties. 2 Metal complexes coordinated by four nitrogen atoms (M–N 4) are exemplified by phthalocyanine, 3 which is a well known p-channel material. 1 Square planar dithiolene complexes coordinated by four sulfur atoms (M–S 4) are strong electron acceptors with the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) level located around −4.2 eV, which show air-stable n-channel transistor properties. Among organic semiconductors, metal complexes are promising materials but not sufficiently explored. Introduction Owing to the potential application to plastic electronics, a great deal of attention has been paid to organic semiconductors used in organic light-emitting diodes, transistors, and photovoltaics. Although Ni complexes tend to show larger mobilities than Cu complexes owing to the molecular planarity, the presence of SOMO is not harmful to the transistor properties. The Cu complexes are open-shell compounds, but the oxidation and the hole transport occur at the highest occupied molecular orbital, where the singly occupied molecular orbital (SOMO) does not participate in conduction. The Nature of the Chemical Bond 3rd Edn (Cornell University Press, 1960).Schiff base complexes derived from salicylaldehyde and ethylene-, propylene-, and trans-1,2-cyclohexane-diamines exhibit p-channel transistor properties. & Ouellette, R.) (Butterworths, Ann Arbor, 1984). in Biotechnology Handbook (eds Cheremisinoff, P. in Protides of the Biological Fluids Vol. J.) 80–101 (Society of Nuclear Medicine, New York, 1975). in Radiopharmaceuticals (eds Subramanian, G., Rhodes, B. (eds) Ligand Assay (Masson, New York, 1981). 7 (National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, 1977).Ĭromwell, O., Pepys, J., Parish, W. in Monoclonal Antibodies (eds Kennett, R., McKearn, T. Solans, X., Gali, S., Font-Altaba, M., Oliva, J. Richards, S., Pedersen, B., Silverton, J. Siitari, H., Hemmilä, I., Soini, E., Lövgren, T. (eds) Critical Stability Constants (Plenum, New York, 1974). (eds) Stability Constants of Metal Ion Complexes (Chemical Society, London, 1964). (eds) Radioimmunoimaging and Radioimmunotherapy (Elsevier, New York, 1983). (eds) Monoclonal Antibodies and Cancer (Academic, Orlando, 1983).īurchiel, S. These antibodies also introduce a new degree of control over the biological distributions of chelated radionuclides, markedly altering their uptake in tumours and normal organs. These antibodies show a remarkable preference for indium chelates changing to another metal such as scandium or gallium can decrease the antibody-binding constant by more than three orders of magnitude. With the ultimate aim of engineering probe-binding properties into the antibodies themselves, we have now prepared monoclonal antibodies against the EDTA chelate of indium. Attachment of metal ions to antibodies by means of bifunctional chelating agents can add the diverse nuclear, physical and chemical properties of the metallic elements to these specific binding proteins (ref. Because monoclonal antibodies can recognize and bind to specific groups of atoms such as tumour antigens, they have promise for use in vivo as carriers of radionuclides, drugs or other appended molecules for diagnosis and treatment of disease 1–3.
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